Subatomic particles

This pattern is for the main subatomic particles that make up all matter in our universe (as well as their corresponding antiparticles). Specifically it covers all the particles that students should be aware of for A-level physics (at least for the exam board that I did). It will also include some explanation about these particles (this is based on my fairly basic understanding from A-level so if anyone feels that the physics is incorrect please do get in touch!)

Note that the exact colours don't matter too much, I've chosen these ones as I feel they go well together.

If you only want to make the particles (i.e. don't care about the antiparticles) the number of each type of particle you make should be halved (i.e. 6 quarks instead of 12). Particles and antiparticles are differentiated based on the embroidery on them (white=particle, black=antiparticle).

Difficulty:

Medium

You will need:

• A 2mm hook
• A 2.5mm hook
• Acrylic dk yarn in red, blue, turquoise, pink, and purple
• Acrylic 4ply yarn in dark red, dark blue, dark pink, light blue, light purple, light green, and orange
• Anchor creativa fino cotton in light green, dark green, light blue, yellow, and dark red
• Black, white, and grey embroidery thread
• 10 sets of 5mm snap fasteners
• Polyester toy stuffing
• A darning needle
• An embroidery needle
• A pair of scissors

Note:

• This pattern includes the back-to-front single crochet stitch (bfsc). A video to show you how to do this can be found here. It's pretty simple but if you can't work it out you can just use a regular single crochet stitch, but this will give it a slightly different look.

For the quarks (make 12 blue, 12 red, and 8 dark pink) :
With a 2mm hook and 4ply yarn make a magic loop with 6sc
Round 1: make 2sc in each st (12sc)
Rounds 2 - 3: (2 rounds) sc in each st
Round 4: sc2tog 6 times (6sc)
Fasten off

What are quarks?

Quarks are a type of fundamental particle, which group together to form hadrons (see below). There are 6 'flavours' of quarks, with up, down, and strange being the 3 most common (the other flavours are charm, bottom, and top)

You then need to embroider labels onto each of the quarks:

• The blue particles represent down quarks, so you should embroider a white 'd' onto 6 of these, and a black (or dark grey) 'd' with a bar across the top onto the other 6
• The red particles represent up quarks, so you should embroider a white 'u' onto 6 of these, and a black 'u' with a bar across the top onto the other 6
• The pink particles represent strange quarks, so you should embroider a white 's' onto 4 of these, and a black 's' with a bar across the top onto the other 4

Hadrons

For the baryons [protons and neutrons] (make 2 blue and 2 red):

Make a magic loop with 6sc

Round 1: make 2sc in each st (12sc)

Round 2: (sc, make 2sc in the next st) 6 times (18sc)

Round 3: (sc3, make 2sc in the next st, sc4, make 2sc in the following st) twice (20sc)

Round 4: sc2, make 2sc in the next st, sc4, make 2sc in the following st, sc5, make 2sc in the next st, sc4, make 2sc in the following st, sc3 (24sc)

Round 5: (sc12, make 2sc in the next st) twice (26sc)

Row 6: ch8, sc in the 2nd chain st from hook and each of the next 6 chain sts, sc21, ch4

Row 7: bfsc3 down the chain, bfsc29. ch1, turn (32sc)

Row 8: sc in each st. ch1, turn

Row 9: bfsc in each st. ch1, turn

Row 10: sc in each st

Fasten off

Round 11: ch6  , sc in the 8th st of the last round, sc8, sc2tog, sc10 (???)

sc in the first 2 chain sts, sc2tog, sc4, sc2tog, sc5, sc2tog, sc4, sc2tog, sc3

Round 13: (sc3, sc2tog, sc4, sc2tog) twice (18sc)

Round 14: (sc, sc2tog) 6 times (12sc)

Round 15: sc2tog 6 times (6sc)

Fasten off

(make 2)

Make a magic loop with 6sc

Round 1: make 2sc in each st (12sc)

Round 2: (sc, make 2sc in the next st) 6 times (18sc)

Round 3: (sc2, make 2sc in the next st) 6 times (24sc)

Fasten off

These 2 circles need to be sewn inside the first ball you made so that they sit just above and below the opening

What are baryons?

Baryons are a type of particle made up of 3 quarks, always a combination of up and down quarks. They are by far the most common type of hadron found in nature. They make up the nucleus of all atoms - for more information see my atom mobile pattern.

Sew a snap fastener on to the opening of each baryon. 

Place quarks inside the particles and embroider as follows:

• Proton: 2 up quarks and a down quarn, embroider a white 'P'
• Antiproton: 2 up antiquarks and an down antiquark, embroider a black 'P' with a bar above it
• Neutron: 2 down quarks and an up quark, embroider a white 'N'
• Antineutron: 2 down antiquarks and an up antiquark, embroider a black 'N' with a bar above it

For the mesons (make 2 in pink, 2 in purple, and 2 in turquoise):

Make a magic loop with 6sc

Round 1: make 2sc in each st (12sc)

Round 2: (sc, make 2sc in the next st) 6 times (18sc)

Round 3: (sc5, make 2sc in the next st) 3 times (21sc)

Round 4: sc9, make 2sc in the next st, sc10, make 2sc in the last st (23sc)

Round 5: ch7, sc in the 2nd chain st from hook and each of the next 5 chain sts, sc17, ch4

Row 6: bfsc in the 2nd chain st from hook and the next 2 chain sts, bfsc23. ch1, turn (26sc)

Row 7: sc26. ch1, turn

Row 8: bfsc26

Fasten off

Round 9: ch5, skip the first 6sts (i.e. the last 6 sts you made on the last round, as shown below), then sc in the next 9sts, sc2tog, sc6 (21sts)

Round 10: sc in each of the 5 chain sts (as shown below), sc2tog, (sc5, sc2tog) twice (18sc)

Round 11: (sc, sc2tog) 6 times (12sc)

Round 12: sc2tog 6 times (6sc)

Fasten off

(make 2)

Make a magic loop with 6sc

Round 1: make 2sc in each st (12sc)

Round 2: (sc, make 2sc in the next st) 6 times (18sc)

Fasten off

Sew these inside the particle in the same way as you did for the Baryons. Sew a snap fastener onto each of the flap openings

What are mesons?

Mesons are a different kind of hadron, similar to baryons but smaller as they contain only 2 quarks. They are produced by high-energy particle collisions, eg. cosmic rays, and decay quickly to release electrons, neutrinos, and photons (see leptons section below).

Insert quarks and embroider as follows:
K+ kaon: (purple) use white thread and insert an up quark and a strange antiquark
K- kaon: (purple) use black thread and insert an up antiquark and a strange quark
K0 kaon: (pink) use white thread and insert an down quark and a strange antiquark
Anti-K0 kaon: (pink) use black thread and insert an down antiquark and a strange quark
pi+ meson: (turquoise) use white thread and insert an up quark and a down antiquark

pi- meson (turquoise) use black thread and insert an up antiquark and a down quark

Leptons

There are 4 different leptons: electrons, muons, tauons, and neutrinos. Neutrinos come in 3 types - electron neutrino, muon neutrino, and tau neutrino. In this pattern I have represented this by giving the electron, muon, and tauon a specific shape, with the corresponding neutrino being the same shape but in a different colour.

For the electron/ electron neutrino (make 2 in light purple and 2 in orange):

Make a magic loop with 6sc

Round 1: make 2sc in each st (12sc)

Round 2: (sc, make 2sc in the next st) 6 times (18sc)

Round 3: (sc5, make 2sc in the next st) 3 times (21sc)

Rounds 4 - 6: (3 rounds) sc in each st

Round 7: (sc5, sc2tog) 3 times (18sc)

Round 8: (sc, sc2tog) 6 times (12sc)

Round 9: sc2tog 6 times (6sc)

Fasten off

Along with protons and neutrons, electrons are the other constituent of an atom. Unlaike baryons they aren't located in the nucleus and are instead found circling around the outside. For more information see my atom mobile pattern.

For the muon/ muon neutrino (make 2 in light blue and 2 in orange):

Make a magic loop with 4sc

Round 1: make 2sc in each st (8sc)

Round 2: (sc, make 2sc in the next st) 4 times (12sc)

Round 3: (sc2, make 2sc in the next st) 4 times (62sc)

Round 4: (sc3, make 2sc in the next st) 4 times (20sc)

Round 5: (sc4, make 2sc in the next st) 4 times (24sc)

Round 6: (sc5, make 2sc in the next st) 4 times (28sc)

Round 7: sc in each st

Round 8: (sc5, sc2tog) 4 times (24sc)

Note that the remaining rounds are slightly more than a single round

Round 9: sc5, sc2tog, (sc4, sc2tog) 3 times (20sc)

Round 10: sc4, sc2tog, (sc3, sc2tog) 3 times (16sc)

Round 11: sc3, sc2tog, (sc2, sc2tog) 3 times (12sc)

Round 12: sc2, sc2tog, (sc, sc2tog) 3 times (8sc)

Round 13: sc, sc2tog 4 times

Fasten off

For the tauon/ tau neutrino (make 2 in green and 2 in orange):

Make a magic loop with 8sc

Round 1: (sc, make 3sc in the next st) 4 times (16sc)

Round 2: sc2, make 3sc in the next st, sc3, make 3sc in the following st, sc3, make 3sc in the next st, sc3, make 3sc in the following st, sc (24sc)

Round 3: sc3, make 3sc in the next st, sc5, make 3sc in the following st, sc5, make 3sc in the next st, sc5, make 3sc in the following st, sc2 (32sc)

Rounds 4 - 11: (8 rounds) sc in each st

Round 12: (sc5, sc3tog) 4 times (24sc)

Note that the next 2 rounds are slightly more than a single round

Round 13:  sc4, (sc3tog, sc3) 3 times, sc3tog (16sc)

Round 14: sc2, (sc3tog, sc) 3 times, sc3tog (8sc)

Fasten off

The leptons should be embroidered as shown in the images below. The muons are represented by the greek letter mu and the tauons by the greek letter tau. The symbol for the neutrino is the greek letter nu, with a subscript denoting the type of neutrino.

Exchange particles

Use 4ply cotton and a 2mm hook throughout

These particles help to mediate the forces of the universe. According to the Standard Model there are 4 fundamental interactions - the strong force, the weak force, electromagnetism, and gravitation. 

For the W bosons (make 2):

With dark green cotton 4ply and a 2mm hook ch10

Row 1: make 2sc in the 2nd chain st from hook, sc6, sc2tog between the last 2 chain sts. ch1, turn (9sc)

Row 2: sc in each st. ch1, turn

Row 3: make 2sc in the first st, sc6, sc2tog. ch1, turn (9sc)

Row 4: sc in each st. ch1, turn

Row 5: make 2sc in the first st, sc6, sc2tog. ch1, turn (9sc)

Round 6: sc8, make 3sc in the last st, sc3 down the side of the piece you've made (see 2nd image below), make 3sc in the back of the first chain st (3rd/4th images), sc in each of the next 7 chain sts, make 4sc in the last chain st, sc5 up the other side (last image) (35sc)

Round 7: sc in the back loop of each st

Round 8: sc in each st

Row 9: in the back loop of each st: sc9. ch1, turn

Row 10: sc2tog, sc6, make 2sc in the last st. ch1, turn (9sc)

Row 11: sc in each st. ch1, turn

Row 12: sc2tog, sc6, make 2sc in the last st. ch1, turn (9sc)

Row 13: sc in each st. ch1, turn

Row 14: sc2tog, sc6, make 2sc in the last st (9sc)

Fasten off

Fold over the flap created from the last 6 rows, and sew clased, stuffing as you do so.

For the Z boson:

With light green ch14

Row 1: sc2tog between the 2nd and 3rd chain st from hook, sc9, sc2tog between the last 2 chain sts. ch1, turn (11sc)

Row 2: sc in ecah st. ch1, turn

Row 3: sc2tog, sc7, sc2tog. ch1, turn (9sc)

Row 4: sc in each st. ch1, turn

Row 5: sc2tog, sc5, sc2tog. ch1, turn (7sc)

Round 6: sc6, make 3sc in the next st, sc4 down the side of this section (in the same way as you did for the Z boson), make 4sc in the back of the chain st, sc in the back of the next 10 chain sts, make 4sc in the back of the next chain st, sc5 up the other side (36sc)

Round 7: sc in the back loop of each st

Round 8: sc in both loops of each st

Row 9: in the back loop of each st: sc7. ch1, turn

Row 10: make 2sc in the first st, sc5, make 2sc in the last st. ch1, turn (9sc)

Row 11: sc in each st. ch1, turn

Row 12: make 2sc in the first st, sc7, make 2sc in the last st. ch1, turn (11sc)

Row 13: sc in each st. ch1, turn

Row 14: make 2sc in the first st, sc9, make 2sc in the last st (13sc)

Fasten off

Stuff and sew closed in the same way as you did for the W bosons.

The weak nuclear force

The W bosons play a key role in the weak nuclear force, which is involved in nuclear decay. It acts over very small distances and changes the flavour (type) of quarks, allowing baryons to be converted into other baryons. The Z boson also mediates the weak interaction, but it differs from the W bosons in that is's not charged.

For the gluon:

With yellow ch5

Row 1: make 2sc in the 2nd chain st from hook, sc2, make 2sc in the last chain st. ch1, turn (6sc)

Row 2: sc in each st. ch1, turn

Row 3: make 2sc in the first st, sc4, make 2sc in the last st. ch1, turn (8sc)

Row 4: sc in each st. ch1, turn

Row 5: make 2sc in the first st, sc6, make 2sc in the last st. ch1, turn (10sc)

Row 6: sc2tog, sc6, sc2tog. ch1, turn (8sc) 

Row 7: sc in each st. ch1, turn

Row 8: sc2tog, sc4, sc2tog. ch1, turn (6sc)

Row 9: sc in each st. ch1, turn

Round 10: sc2tog, sc2, sc2tog, make 2sc in the same st as the 2nd one you made the sc2tog in, sc3 down the side of the section (finishing just above row 6), make 3sc in the hole between rows 5 and 6 (see 2nd image below), sc3 down the rest of this same side (3rd image), make 3sc in the back of the first chain st, sc in the back of the next 2 chain sts, make 3sc in the back of the following chain st, sc3 up the ther side (finishing just below row 5), make 3sc in the hole between rows 5 and 6, sc4 up the remainder of this side (final image) (33sc)

Round 11: sc in the back loop of each st

Round 12: sc in both loops of each st

Row 13: in the back loop only: make 2sc in the first st, sc4. ch1, turn (6sc)

Row 14: sc6. ch1, turn

Row 15: make 2sc in the first st, sc4, make 2sc in the last st. ch1, turn (8sc)

Row 16: sc in each st. ch1, turn

Row 17: make 2sc in the first st, sc6, make 2sc in the last st. ch1, turn (10sc)

Row 18: sc2tog, sc6, sc2tog. ch1, turn (8sc)

Row 19: sc in each st. ch1, turn

Row 20: sc2tog, sc4, sc2tog. ch1, turn (6sc)

Row 21: sc in each st. ch1, turn

Row 22: sc2tog, sc2, sc2tog (4sc)

Fasten off

Stuff and sew closed in the same way as you did for the W bosons.

The strong nuclear force

Gluons are responsible for the strong nuclear force, which binds the quarks within hadrons together, and also binds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus. If you want to learn more I recommend this video on the Strong Interaction.

For the photon:

With light blue yarn make a magic loop with 3sc. ch1, turn

Row 1: make 2sc in the first st, sc, make 2sc in the last st. ch1, turn (5sc)

Row 2: make 2sc in the first st, sc3, make 2sc in the last st. ch1, turn (7sc)

Row 3: make 2sc in the first st, sc5, make 2sc in the last st. ch1, turn (9sc)

Row 4: sc in each st. ch1, turn

Row 5: sc2tog, sc5, sc2tog. ch1, turn (7sc)

Row 6: sc in ecah st. ch1, turn

Row 7: sc2tog, sc3, sc2tog. ch1, turn (5sc)

Row 8: sc in each st. ch1, turn

Row 9: sc2tog, sc, sc2tog. ch1, turn (3sc)

Row 10: sc in each st. ch1, turn

Round 11: sc3tog, sc in the same st as the last one you crocheted into for the sc3tog, sc6 down the side of this section (finishing just above row 5), make 3sc in the hole between rows 4 and 5 (see 1st image), sc3 down the remainder of this side, make 3sc in the magic loop you made at the start (2nd image), sc3 up the other side (finishing just below row 4, see 3rd image), make 3sc in the hole between rows 4 and 5 (4th image), sc7 up the remainder of this section (30sc)

Round 12: sc in the back loop of each st

Round 13: sc in both loops of each st

Row 14: make 3sc in the back loop of this st. ch1, turn (3sc)

Row 15: sc3. ch1, turn

Row 16: make 2sc in the first st, sc, make 2sc in the last st. ch1, turn (5sc)

Row 17: sc5. ch1, turn

Row 18: make 2sc in the first st, sc3, make 2sc in the last st. ch1, turn (7sc)

Row 19: sc7. ch1, turn

Row 20: make 2sc in the first st, sc5, make 2sc in the last st. ch1, turn (9sc)

Row 21: sc9. ch1, turn

Row 22: sc2tog, sc5, sc2tog. ch1, turn (7sc)

Row 23: sc2tog, sc3, sc2tog. ch1, turn (5sc)

Row 24: sc2tog, sc, sc2tog. ch1, turn (3sc)

Row 25: sc3tog (1sc)

Fasten off

Stuff and sew closed in the same way as you did for the W bosons.

Electromagnetism

Photons are the force carriers of electromagnetism. These exhibit wave-particle duality, meaning that they sometimes act like a particle and sometimes like a wave. We encounter electromagnetic waves all the time in the form of visible light, and these waves are also widely used in communications technology (e.g. allowing you to pick up phone signal and access the internet). If you're interested in learning more about this I recommend either this Bozeman Science video or this SciShow video. (The SciShow one is more interesting but potentially harder to understand if you're new to this)

For the higgs boson:

With red ch5

Row 1: sc in the 2nd chain st from hook and each of the next 3 chain sts. ch1, turn (4sc)

Row 2: sc in each st. ch1, turn

Row 3: sc in each st

Fasten off

Row 4: ch4, sc in each of the 4sts of row 4, sc5

Row 5: sc in the 2nd chain st from hook and each of the next 3 chain sts. Sc4, then sc in each of the next 4 chain sts. ch1, turn (12sc)

Rows 6-7: sc in each st. ch1, turn

Row 8: sc in each st. turn

Row 9: slip4, ch1, sc4. ch1, turn

Row 10: sc in each of the first 4sts. ch1, turn (4sc)

Row 11: sc in each st. ch1, turn

Round 12: sc3, make 3sc in the next st, sc2 down the side of rows 9-11, sc in the first 3 chain sts, make 3sc in the next chain st (1st image), sc2 down the side of rows 5-7, make 3sc in the back of the first chain st (image 2), sc in the back of the next 3 chain sts, sc3 down the side of rows 1-3, make 3sc in the first chain st, sc in the back of the next 2 chain sts, make 3sc in the back of the next chain st, sc3 up the other side of rows 1-3, sc in the back loop of the next 3 chain sts, make 3sc in the back of the next chain sts, sc3 up the other side of rows 5-7, make 3sc in the next st, sc in the followoing 3sts, sc2 up the other side of rows 9 - 11, then make 2sc in the gap between rows 11 and 12 (last image) (55sc) 

Round 13: sc in the back loop only of each st

Round 14: sc in both loops of each st

Row 15: sc in the back loops of the first 4sts. ch1, turn

Row 16: sc in both loops of the first 4sts. ch1, turn (4sc)

Row 17: sc in each st

Fasten off

Row 18: ch4, sc in each of the 4sts of row 17, sc5

Row 19: sc in the 2nd chain st from hook and each of the next 3 chain sts. Sc4, then sc in each of the next 4 chain sts. ch1, turn (12sc)

Row 20: sc in each st. ch1, turn

Row 21: sc in each st. turn

Row 22: slip4, ch1, sc4. ch1, turn

Row 23: sc in each of the first 4sts. ch1, turn (4sc)

Row 24: sc in each st. ch1, turn

Row 25: sc in each st

Fasten off

Stuff and sew closed in the same way as you did for the W bosons.

Giving mass to particles

The Higgs boson was only discovered relatively recently, after being proposed to explain how fundamental particles are able to have mass. This is explained in more detail in this TED-Ed video.

Embroider the particles as shown below. Since the gluon, photon, and Higgs boson don't have antiparticles it doesn't matter too much what colour you use for them.

That's all from this pattern - I hope you've enjoyed it! If you have any questions about this or any of my other patterns, please feel free to get in contact with me, either by leaving a comment below, emailing them to lhodginscrochet@gmail.com, or via my Ravelry or Instagram pages (email is the best if you're hoping for a speedy reply).

You are very welcome to sell finished products, but I do ask that you please don't re-post this pattern or claim it as your own. Thank you!

Carbon atom mobile

This pattern shows you how to make a model of a carbon atom, and it also explains a lot about the structure of the atoms, for those from a less scientific background.

Difficulty:

Medium
The crochet in this pattern is very easy but the construction is much more fiddly


You will need: 

• A 2.5mm crochet hook
• dk yarn in blue, red, and light pink
• white 4ply yarn
• An embroidery hoop
• craft wire (approx. 0.5mm in diameter)
• Some PVA glue
• A darning needle for sewing in loose ends
• A pair of scissors

The constituents of an atom
Atoms consist of 3 subatomic particles: protons, neutrons and electrons. We can think of these as little balls within out atom (although in reality its rather more complicated than this), with the protons and neutrons residing at the centre, and the electrons orbiting around the outside.


Protons
The protons are positively charged and have a mass approximately equal to that of the neutrons (1.67*10^-27kg). The number of protons determines the chemical properties of the atom, and dictates which element of the periodic table it is. The carbon atom that we will be creating contains (like all carbon atoms) 6 protons. The number of protons in the atoms of an element will correlates with its atomic number (the number in the top left-hand corner of each box on the periodic table below)

credit https://malouffschemblog.wordpress.com/2014/01/05/the-periodic-table-a-compilation-of-fun/

For the protons (make 6):

with red yarn make a magic loop with 6sc

Round 1: make 2sc in each st (12sc)

Rounds 2 - 4: (3 rounds) sc in each st

Round 5: sc2tog 6 times

stuff firmly

Round 6: sc2tog twice

Fasten off

Neutrons
A similar particle to the proton is the neutron. These uncharged particles are found in the nucleus of the atom, which is located at its centre. Unlike the protons and electrons, there can be varying numbers of neutrons in the nucleus of a given element. Atoms containing the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are known as isotopes of an element.
In this pattern we will be making the atomic isotope carbon-12, which contains 6 neutrons (it's known as carbon 12 because it contains a total of 12 nucleons). Other isotopes of carbon exist, however, including carbon-14, which contains 6 protons and 8 neutrons. The large number of neutrons makes it unstable, and thus it becomes radioactive.

For the neutrons (make 6):

with blue yarn make a magic loop with 6sc

Round 1: make 2sc in each st (12sc)

Rounds 2 - 4: (3 rounds) sc in each st

Round 5: sc2tog 6 times

stuff firmly

Round 6: sc2tog twice

Fasten off

How can most nuclei be stable?
If you know a little about physics, you may be aware that opposite charges attract and like charges repel. By this logic the nucleus should not be able to form, since all of the protons would reel each other instantly,so why is this not the case? Its all down to a force known as the Strong Nuclear force, which is an attractive force that acts between each of the nucleons (as the protons and neutrons are collectively called).  This exactly cancels out the repulsive force of the protons to allow the nucleus to exist in a stable state.

To make the nucleus sew each of these protons and neutrons together into a central ball.

Electrons

Around the nucleus is where the electrons are found. Electrons are negatively charged particles with a mass much much less than that of the protons and neutrons (the nucleons are about 1820 times more massive than the electrons). Because of their negative charge they will be attracted by the positively charged nucleus. If they were stationary they would fall straight into the nucleus, but this is prevented by their constant movement around the outer edges of the atom. 
The charge on each electron is equal and opposite to that of each proton. Because of this, and because an atom will always contain the same number of electrons as protons, the total charge of an atom will always be zero; it is electrically neutral. In cases where the number of electrons does not equal the number of protons, and thus an overall charge is achieved, our atom is known as an ion.
Unlike the protons and neutrons, which are each composed of 3 smaller particles called quarks, it is thought that electrons are fundamental (that is, they cannot be broken down into smaller parts).

For the electrons (make 6):

With pink yarn make a magic loop with 6sc

Rounds 1 - 2: (2 rounds) sc in each st

Stuff firmly

Round 3: sc2tog twice

Fasten off

To make up:

Cut a length of wire approx. 1m long, and thread 2 of the electrons onto it. Curl it round twice into a loop, then wind one end of the wire around the loop with the two electrons on. When each time you reach an electron thread the wire through said electron, then continue winding the wire around on the other side.

After you've done this you need to wind a length of white yarn around the wire to hide it. Seccure it every so often by threading the needle in between the two sections of wire.

Next you should cut another length of wire approx. 1.3m long, and thread the remaining 4 electrons onto it. Wind the wire into a double loop, and wind one end around the other as you did before, threading the other section of wire through each of the electrons as you encounter them.

You then need to wind a length of yarn around the wire, as you did for the other ring of electrons.

Why aren't the electrons all on the same loop?
The electrons around the outside of the nucleus will be arranged into set electron shells, each of which can only hold a certain number of electrons. The maximum possible number of electrons will increase for each subsequent shell (no. of electrons = 2n^2, where n is the shell number), meaning that the inner shell can only hold 2 electrons, whereas the 2nd shell can hold up to 8. (The reason for this relates to quantum physics, and I plan to make a pattern explaining it in greater detail in the future.)  The electrons will fill the inner shell first, as it has a lower energy level, and once this is full they will go on to start filling the 2nd shell.

Now we need to attach each of the part of the atom to our mobile.
Cut 3 lengths of white yarn approx. 25cm long and tie them at equal intervals to the edge of the embroidery hoop. Tie the other ends to each other in the centre of the loop. Secure the ends in place with a dab of PVA glue.

Next you need to sew another section of yarn to the centre of the hoop, to where you tied the three lengths of yarn together. Sew the other end of this to the nucleus, so that the centre of the nucleus hangs about 30cm below the embroidery hoop.

You then need to sew another length of yarn to the centre where all the yarn lengths meet. The other end of this should be looped around and tied in place, to allow the mobile to be hung up. The embroidery hoop should hang around 25-30cm below the top of this loop. Once again you should add a dab of PVA glue to all raw ends to prevent them from fraying.

You now need to sew the electron orbitals in place. Tie two lengths of yarn to the wire of the inner electron shell, one on each side. The other ends of the yarn should be sewn to the embroidery hoop. Try to ensure that the shell is positioned so that the nucleus lies in the centre. For best effect it should hang at an angle. You will most likely have to add at least one extra length of yarn to the shell to allow it to hang exactly the way you want it to. Play around with the exact positioning of the shell, and when you are happy with it secure the upper ends by adding a dab of PVA glue to where you have tied the yarn to the hoop.

A note on the relative positions of the electrons and nucleus

This atomic model is not to scale, as I'm sure you may have guessed, but what you may not know is just how out of scale it really is. There is a really good TEDx video explaining this, which states that if you scaled up an atom so that it was the size of a football stadium, then the nucleus in the centre would only be the size of a marble, and the electrons would be orbiting right at the edge of said stadium.

Next you will need to add the 2nd shell. As you did before, start by tying 2 lengths of yarn to the wire section of the shell, and then playing around with the positioning. You should try to get it so that the tilt of the 2nd shell is opposite that of the first shell you made. Once again you will most likely need to add a third length of yarn to hold it in the exact position you want. Play around with it for a bit, then secure the ends with a dab of PVA glue

Thats all! I hope you found this pattern interesting and informative. If you have any questions about this or any of my other patterns, please feel free to get in contact with me, either by leaving a comment below, emailing them to lhodginscrochet@gmail.com, or via my Ravelry or Instagram pages.

You are very welcome to sell finished products, but I do ask that you please don't re-post this pattern or claim it as your own. Thank you!